Introduction Bankruptcy and insolvency risks are among the most important legal issues in Turkish finance transactions. A loan, credit facility, financial leasing agreement, factoring transaction, project finance structure or cross-border financing arrangement may appear commercially strong at the signing stage, but its true legal strength is tested when the borrower becomes financially distressed. At that […]
Introduction Enforcement of foreign loan agreements in Turkey is a critical issue for foreign banks, international lenders, private credit funds, export credit agencies, development finance institutions, corporate lenders, shareholders and investors financing Turkish borrowers. A foreign loan agreement may be carefully drafted under English law, New York law, Swiss law or another foreign legal system, […]
Introduction Financial institutions in Turkey play a vital role in corporate finance, consumer finance, trade finance, SME funding, equipment acquisition, receivables financing and alternative credit structures. Although banks are the most visible actors in the Turkish financial system, non-bank financial institutions such as financial leasing companies, factoring companies and financing companies are also essential parts […]
Introduction Banking compliance in Turkey is a central pillar of the Turkish financial system. Banks do not operate as ordinary commercial companies. They collect deposits, extend credit, process payments, manage customer data, participate in financial markets, offer digital banking services, issue guarantees, hold sensitive financial information and create systemic risk. For this reason, Turkish banking […]
Introduction Payment fraud in Turkey has become a major legal issue for consumers, merchants, banks, payment institutions, electronic money institutions, e-commerce platforms and fintech companies. As payment systems become faster, more digital and more integrated into daily life, fraudsters increasingly exploit weaknesses in online banking, card payments, virtual POS systems, QR payments, digital wallets, money […]
Introduction Banking-as-a-Service, commonly known as BaaS, is one of the most important legal and commercial developments in Turkey’s financial technology sector. In a BaaS model, a licensed bank provides banking services through the digital interface of another business, usually a fintech platform, marketplace, e-commerce company, mobility application, telecom operator or digital ecosystem provider. The customer […]
Introduction Banking fraud in Turkey is one of the most serious legal risks faced by individuals, companies, banks, payment institutions, merchants, investors and financial intermediaries. As banking services move rapidly into digital channels, fraud schemes have become more complex, faster and more difficult to detect. Fraudsters may use phishing links, fake bank websites, SIM swap […]
Introduction Bank loan defaults in Turkey are among the most significant legal risks faced by companies, individual borrowers, guarantors, shareholders, investors and lenders. A bank loan default may begin with a missed installment, breach of a financial covenant, failure to provide collateral, deterioration of the borrower’s financial position, non-payment of interest, insolvency risk, or violation […]
Introduction Mortgage-backed finance in Turkey is one of the most important secured lending structures used by banks, financial institutions, real estate investors, companies, developers, foreign investors and individual borrowers. A mortgage allows a lender to secure a loan with immovable property, such as land, residential property, commercial premises, hotels, factories, warehouses, development projects or other […]
Introduction Corporate borrowing in Turkey is a central part of business finance. Turkish companies frequently obtain bank loans to finance working capital, inventory, exports, machinery, real estate investments, construction projects, mergers and acquisitions, restructuring, project development and general corporate needs. Bank loans may be short-term, medium-term or long-term; secured or unsecured; Turkish lira-denominated or foreign […]