One of the most persistent misconceptions among foreign entrepreneurs entering the Turkish market is that they must find a Turkish citizen and give that person shares before they can establish a business. In most cases, this is incorrect. A foreign entrepreneur generally does not need a Turkish partner to establish a company in Türkiye. Türkiye’s […]
One of the first decisions a foreign entrepreneur must make when establishing a business in Türkiye is choosing the correct company type. For most international founders, the real choice is between two structures: Limited Şirket – Limited Liability Company (Ltd. Şti.) and Anonim Şirket – Joint Stock Company (A.Ş.) Both structures provide limited liability, can […]
One of the most common questions asked by international entrepreneurs considering entering the Turkish market is: “Do I need a Turkish citizen as my business partner to establish a company in Türkiye?” For most businesses, the answer is straightforward: No. A foreign individual or foreign company can generally establish and own 100% of a Turkish […]
Starting a company in Türkiye can be an attractive option for foreign entrepreneurs who want to access the Turkish market, establish a regional business hub, hire local employees, develop technology projects or conduct business between Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia. One of the first questions foreign founders usually ask is: Can a foreigner […]
The Data Residency Trap for AI and SaaS Companies A Turkish SaaS company stores all customer records on servers located in Istanbul. Its database, backups and application infrastructure are hosted in Türkiye. From a technical perspective, the company therefore considers itself to have a “Türkiye-only” data architecture. There is, however, one additional component. Whenever a […]
Sending WhatsApp Customer Chats to ChatGPT, Gemini or Claude Under Turkish Data Protection Law Artificial intelligence is rapidly becoming part of ordinary customer service operations. A sales representative may copy a WhatsApp conversation into ChatGPT to draft a reply. A clinic may connect its WhatsApp inbox to Gemini to classify patient requests. An e-commerce company […]
Generative artificial intelligence tools such as ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude, Microsoft Copilot and similar large language model-based systems are rapidly becoming part of ordinary corporate workflows. Employees use them to summarise documents, draft emails, analyse contracts, prepare reports, translate correspondence, review CVs, generate marketing materials, write software code and even respond to customers. From a Turkish […]
Generative artificial intelligence tools have rapidly entered ordinary corporate life. Employees use ChatGPT and similar AI systems to summarise contracts, draft emails, analyse Excel files, translate reports, review customer complaints, prepare presentations and even examine internal legal documents. The practical problem is that the same employee who saves thirty minutes by uploading a company document […]
A Practical Legal Guide to Recovering Seller Funds Withheld by Online Marketplaces Under Turkish Law An online seller may successfully deliver hundreds of orders through a marketplace, issue all required invoices and wait for the expected settlement date—only to discover that the marketplace has suddenly placed the seller’s balance on hold. The seller dashboard may […]
Buying an online course takes seconds. A consumer sees an Instagram advertisement promising: “Become fluent in English in three months.” They pay TRY 30,000, receive a username and password and immediately obtain access to hundreds of recorded lessons. The next morning, the consumer changes their mind and asks for a refund. The company replies: “Digital […]