Introduction Ransomware attacks have become one of the most serious cyber threats affecting companies, public institutions, healthcare providers, financial organizations, e-commerce businesses, professional service firms and individuals in Turkey. A ransomware incident usually occurs when malicious software encrypts, locks, deletes, transfers or threatens to publish digital data unless the victim pays money or cryptocurrency. In […]
Introduction Phishing attacks in Turkey have become one of the most common methods used in cyber fraud, online banking fraud, identity theft and unauthorized access cases. A phishing attack generally occurs when a fraudster deceives a person into revealing sensitive information such as passwords, internet banking credentials, credit card details, identity numbers, verification codes, e-mail […]
Introduction Bank and credit card misuse crimes are among the most common financial cybercrime offences in Turkey. As online banking, e-commerce, mobile payments, subscription platforms, digital wallets and contactless payment systems become part of everyday life, criminal misuse of bank cards and credit cards has become a serious legal problem for individuals, companies, banks and […]
Introduction Cyber fraud in Turkey has become one of the most common and financially damaging forms of modern criminal activity. As banking, shopping, investment, communication, public services and business transactions increasingly move online, fraudsters use digital tools to deceive individuals and companies. These schemes may involve fake websites, phishing messages, social media scams, fake investment […]
Introduction Data has become one of the most valuable competitive assets in modern markets. Businesses use data to understand customers, improve products, personalize services, optimize prices, detect fraud, target advertising, manage logistics, evaluate demand, train algorithms and design digital platforms. In Turkey, data-driven business models are now central to e-commerce, online advertising, fintech, digital platforms, […]
Introduction Tying and bundling practices are among the most significant exclusionary conduct issues under Turkish Competition Law. These practices occur when an undertaking links the sale, use or commercial availability of one product or service to another product or service. In some cases, tying and bundling can be efficient and pro-consumer. They may reduce transaction […]
Introduction Margin squeeze cases under Turkish Competition Law are among the most technical forms of abuse of dominance. A margin squeeze may occur where a vertically integrated dominant undertaking controls an important upstream input and also competes in the downstream market. If the difference between the upstream price charged to competitors and the downstream price […]
Introduction Selective distribution systems are widely used in Turkey by suppliers of luxury goods, cosmetics, consumer electronics, medical devices, high-quality household appliances, fashion products, automotive products, technical equipment, software-based products and branded consumer goods. In a selective distribution system, a supplier sells its products only to distributors selected according to specific criteria, and those distributors […]
Introduction Letters of credit are among the most important instruments used in international trade finance in Turkey. Turkish exporters, importers, banks, logistics companies, commodity traders, manufacturers and foreign commercial partners frequently rely on letters of credit to reduce payment risk and documentary risk in cross-border sales. A letter of credit allows a seller to receive […]
Introduction Enforcement of foreign loan agreements in Turkey is a critical issue for foreign banks, international lenders, private credit funds, export credit agencies, development finance institutions, corporate lenders, shareholders and investors financing Turkish borrowers. A foreign loan agreement may be carefully drafted under English law, New York law, Swiss law or another foreign legal system, […]