Profit distribution rules in Turkish joint stock and limited liability companies are governed mainly by the Turkish Commercial Code. This guide explains who decides on dividends, which profits may be distributed, how legal reserves work, how interim dividends are handled, and what shareholder protections apply under Turkish law. Introduction Profit distribution rules in Turkish joint […]
Company representation and signatory authority under Turkish law determine who can bind a company, how representation may be delegated, when limits are valid against third parties, and which registration and signature formalities must be completed. This guide explains representation rules for Turkish joint stock companies, limited liability companies, and foreign company branches. Introduction Company representation […]
Board resolutions and general assembly procedures in Turkey are governed by the Turkish Commercial Code and related Ministry regulations. This guide explains how board meetings, written board decisions, shareholder meetings, quorum rules, agenda rules, minority rights, electronic participation, and challenge actions work in Turkish joint stock and limited liability companies. Introduction Board resolutions and general […]
Pre-emptive rights and shareholder protection in Turkish companies are central to Turkish corporate law. This guide explains how pre-emptive rights work in joint stock companies and limited liability companies, when they may be restricted, and which legal remedies protect shareholders and partners under Turkish law. Introduction Pre-emptive rights and shareholder protection in Turkish companies sit […]
Capital increases and capital decreases under Turkish company law affect financing, governance, creditor protection, and registration. This guide explains how Turkish joint stock companies and limited liability companies can increase or reduce capital, which approvals are needed, how pre-emptive rights work, and what procedural risks companies must avoid. Introduction Capital increases and capital decreases under […]
Corporate governance duties of directors in Turkish companies include care, loyalty, proper representation, oversight of finance and risk, conflict management, and liability for breach. This guide explains board duties in Turkish joint stock companies and manager duties in limited liability companies under Turkish law. Introduction The phrase corporate governance duties of directors in Turkish companies […]
Foreign direct investment rules in Turkey give foreign investors broad market access, equal treatment, and several business-entry routes. This legal guide explains the core FDI framework in Türkiye, including Law No. 4875, company formation, branch and liaison office options, sector limits, profit transfers, E-TUYS filings, and foreign personnel rules. Introduction For a new market entrant, […]
Why Turkey is an attractive jurisdiction for foreign business formation depends on more than market size alone. This legal guide explains the advantages of forming a business in Turkey, including equal treatment for foreign investors, modern company law, fast incorporation, strategic market access, incentives, a young workforce, and a growing startup ecosystem. Introduction For foreign […]
Turkish Commercial Code and its impact on company formation in Turkey explained in English. Learn how the TCC shapes company types, incorporation, articles of association, minimum capital, management, foreign investment, registration, and post-incorporation obligations. Introduction The Turkish Commercial Code and its impact on company formation cannot be understood only as a technical subject for registry […]
Learn how to close, liquidate, or restructure a company in Turkey. This legal guide explains dissolution, liquidation, deregistration, additional liquidation, reversal from liquidation, mergers, divisions, and type conversion under Turkish law. Introduction Closing, liquidating, or restructuring a company in Turkey is not a single legal act. Under Turkish law, these are different processes with different […]