Bank guarantees are among the most powerful risk-allocation instruments used in Turkish construction projects. A contractor may spend years performing a major infrastructure, residential, industrial or energy project while simultaneously maintaining several bank guarantees in favour of the employer. These guarantees may secure advance payments, contractual performance, completion obligations, defects during the warranty period or […]
Construction defects do not always appear when a project is handed over. A newly completed apartment may look perfect during inspection. Months later, water may begin penetrating through the roof. Structural cracks may emerge after seasonal movement. Waterproofing defects may appear only after heavy rainfall. Underground drainage may fail after prolonged use. Insulation problems, defective […]
Time is often one of the most valuable elements of a construction project. A shopping centre that opens six months late may lose an entire commercial season. A hotel delivered after the beginning of the tourism period may suffer substantial revenue losses. An industrial facility that cannot commence production on schedule may expose the employer […]
Turkey’s real estate investment route remains one of the most prominent pathways through which foreign investors may apply for Turkish citizenship. However, buying a property worth USD 400,000 does not, by itself, guarantee that the investment will qualify for citizenship. The process involves two legally distinct issues. First, the foreign investor must be legally entitled […]
Pre-Paid Housing Sales in Turkey: Delivery Deadlines, Penalties, and Consumer Remedies Introduction Buying a property before construction is completed is common in the Turkish real estate market. Consumers may purchase apartments directly from developers at the planning or construction stage and pay all or part of the purchase price before receiving possession or title. This […]
When a Family Member Becomes “Baggage” in Aviation Law For many passengers, a dog or cat travelling with them is not luggage. It is a family member. Aviation law, however, can produce a very different legal classification. Imagine that a passenger travels from Istanbul to Paris with a dog. The airline accepts the animal at […]
1. Introduction: When an Aircraft Crashes, Is the Airline the Only Defendant? When a commercial aircraft crashes, public attention initially focuses on the airline. Was the pilot properly trained? Was the aircraft maintained correctly? Did the airline ignore a technical warning? Was the crew fatigued? Did air traffic control make an error? Yet another question […]
Seller, Buyer, Carrier and Insurer Liability in Cross-Border Trade and the Role of Incoterms® International trade depends upon the physical movement of goods across borders. A Turkish manufacturer may sell machinery to Germany. A European distributor may purchase electronic components from China. A company in Istanbul may import industrial equipment from the United States, while […]
Introduction Cross-border e-commerce has transformed an ordinary consumer purchase into a potentially international legal transaction. A consumer living in Türkiye may purchase a mobile phone from a German seller through Amazon, handmade jewellery from a Canadian merchant through Etsy, electronic equipment from a Chinese trader through Temu, or a second-hand product from a seller located […]
Introduction Energy and mining projects are unusually exposed to political and regulatory risk. A foreign investor developing a gold mine, copper project, solar power plant, oil field, natural gas infrastructure or electricity-generation facility may invest hundreds of millions of dollars years before the project generates meaningful revenue. Once the capital has been committed, however, the […]