Introduction Selective distribution systems are widely used in Turkey by suppliers of luxury goods, cosmetics, consumer electronics, medical devices, high-quality household appliances, fashion products, automotive products, technical equipment, software-based products and branded consumer goods. In a selective distribution system, a supplier sells its products only to distributors selected according to specific criteria, and those distributors […]
Introduction Merchant acquiring in Turkey is a central component of the digital payments ecosystem. Every time a customer pays a merchant by card through a physical POS terminal, virtual POS infrastructure, mobile POS solution, online checkout page, QR payment interface or marketplace payment flow, there is usually an acquiring relationship behind the transaction. The acquiring […]
Introduction Bank loan defaults in Turkey are among the most significant legal risks faced by companies, individual borrowers, guarantors, shareholders, investors and lenders. A bank loan default may begin with a missed installment, breach of a financial covenant, failure to provide collateral, deterioration of the borrower’s financial position, non-payment of interest, insolvency risk, or violation […]
Introduction License cancellation in Turkey is one of the most serious administrative risks for businesses and investors. A license, permit, authorization or operating certificate is often the legal foundation of commercial activity. If it is cancelled, a company may lose the right to operate, generate revenue, continue contracts, employ workers, import or export goods, run […]
Introduction Installment sales contracts in Turkey are a major part of daily consumer life. Consumers frequently buy furniture, electronics, white goods, mobile phones, computers, home appliances, education packages, beauty services, medical packages, vehicle accessories, household products, and many other goods or services by paying the price in parts rather than in one payment. For consumers, […]
Introduction Counterfeit and non-original products are a serious consumer protection issue in Turkey. Consumers may purchase shoes, bags, cosmetics, perfumes, watches, electronics, mobile phone accessories, spare parts, clothing, toys, medical products, supplements, luxury goods, automotive parts, software, or household products believing that they are original, branded, authentic, licensed, imported, or authorized. After payment, the consumer […]
Introduction Hotel and accommodation disputes under Turkish Consumer Law are increasingly common because consumers now book hotels, resorts, hostels, apart hotels, villas, holiday homes, boutique hotels, thermal hotels, serviced apartments, and short-term accommodation through many different channels. A consumer may reserve directly through a hotel website, call center, travel agency, online booking platform, social media […]
Introduction Gym membership disputes in Turkey are increasingly common as consumers sign annual fitness contracts, monthly memberships, sports club packages, personal training programs, Pilates studio subscriptions, swimming pool memberships, wellness center packages, and app-based fitness subscriptions. These contracts may look simple, but they frequently create legal disputes over cancellation, refunds, automatic renewal, unused periods, relocation, […]
Introduction Foreign consumers in Turkey are protected by Turkish Consumer Law when they enter into consumer transactions with sellers, suppliers, service providers, online platforms, private hospitals, travel agencies, real estate developers, vehicle dealers, hotels, digital service providers, or other commercial actors operating in Turkey. A foreign national who buys a product in Istanbul, receives private […]
Introduction Price transparency is one of the most important principles of Turkish Consumer Law. A consumer must know the real price of a product or service before deciding to buy it. If a business hides fees, uses unclear labels, changes the price at the cashier, fails to display service charges, presents misleading discounts, or adds […]