The foreign nationals’ law regime in Türkiye has gained a structure that is both modern and human rights-oriented, yet strictly protective of the state’s sovereign powers, particularly with the Law on Foreigners and International Protection (LFIP) No. 6458, which came into force in 2013. The most fundamental rule of this regime is the requirement for a […]
A residence permit is a document that foreigners, who intend to stay in Türkiye beyond the duration granted by a visa or visa exemption (generally 90 days), must obtain to maintain their legal status. A residence permit is not merely a right of accommodation; it serves as a fundamental “legal identity” required for a foreigner to exercise […]
Introduction Judicial review of Turkish Competition Board decisions is a crucial part of Turkish competition law enforcement. The Turkish Competition Authority investigates restrictive agreements, cartels, abuse of dominance, merger control violations, resale price maintenance, digital market conduct, on-site inspection obstruction, information request violations and procedural infringements. At the end of these processes, the Turkish Competition […]
Introduction Competition law compliance is no longer a legal issue only for large corporations. Turkish startups, scaleups, SaaS companies, fintech businesses, gaming studios, healthtech ventures, e-commerce platforms, marketplaces, artificial intelligence companies, digital advertisers, app developers and technology investors must also understand Turkish Competition Law from the earliest stage of business growth. The main statute is […]
Introduction Data has become one of the most valuable competitive assets in modern markets. Businesses use data to understand customers, improve products, personalize services, optimize prices, detect fraud, target advertising, manage logistics, evaluate demand, train algorithms and design digital platforms. In Turkey, data-driven business models are now central to e-commerce, online advertising, fintech, digital platforms, […]
Introduction Excessive pricing under Turkish Competition Law is one of the most controversial forms of abuse of dominance. Competition law generally protects low prices, innovation, efficiency and consumer welfare. However, a dominant undertaking may sometimes use its market power not to exclude competitors, but to exploit customers directly by charging prices that are unreasonably high […]
Introduction Tying and bundling practices are among the most significant exclusionary conduct issues under Turkish Competition Law. These practices occur when an undertaking links the sale, use or commercial availability of one product or service to another product or service. In some cases, tying and bundling can be efficient and pro-consumer. They may reduce transaction […]
Introduction Refusal to supply and the essential facilities doctrine are among the most complex topics in Turkish Competition Law. They sit at the intersection of two fundamental principles: the freedom of an undertaking to choose its trading partners, and the duty of a dominant undertaking not to use its market power to exclude competitors or […]
Introduction Predatory pricing under Turkish Competition Law is one of the most complex forms of abuse of dominance. It concerns situations where a dominant undertaking deliberately sets prices below an economically meaningful cost benchmark in order to exclude, discipline or weaken competitors, prevent market entry, or preserve and increase market power. The difficulty is that […]
Introduction Abuse of economic dependence and platform power in Turkey has become one of the most important legal topics for digital marketplaces, e-commerce platforms, app stores, online advertising businesses, delivery platforms, travel platforms, payment systems, software ecosystems, business users and foreign technology companies operating in the Turkish market. The rise of digital platforms has changed […]