Introduction Hub-and-spoke cartels are one of the most complex and increasingly important issues under Turkish Competition Law. Unlike traditional cartels, where competitors communicate directly with each other, hub-and-spoke arrangements involve indirect coordination through a common intermediary. This intermediary may be a supplier, retailer, distributor, platform, trade association, consultant, data provider, marketplace operator or another undertaking […]
Introduction Competition law risks in Turkish labor markets have become one of the most important compliance issues for employers, HR departments, recruiters, franchise networks, outsourcing companies, technology firms, private schools, hospitals, pharmaceutical companies and multinational groups operating in Turkey. Traditionally, competition law was mostly associated with product markets: price fixing, market sharing, bid rigging, resale […]
Introduction Online sales restrictions have become one of the most important issues under Turkish Competition Law. As e-commerce, online marketplaces, search advertising, platform sales and direct-to-consumer websites have grown rapidly in Turkey, suppliers have increasingly tried to control how their distributors, dealers, franchisees and authorized resellers sell products online. These restrictions may be motivated by […]
Introduction Most-Favored-Nation clauses, also known as MFN clauses, most-favored-customer clauses or parity clauses, are increasingly important under Turkish Competition Law. These clauses are widely used in online marketplaces, hotel booking platforms, food delivery platforms, insurance platforms, app stores, digital advertising markets, distribution agreements, supply contracts, franchise systems and B2B commercial relationships. An MFN clause generally […]
Introduction Algorithmic pricing has become one of the most important competition law issues in digital markets. Online marketplaces, e-commerce retailers, airlines, hotel platforms, food delivery applications, ride-hailing services, software companies, financial technology platforms and digital advertisers increasingly use algorithms to monitor competitors, update prices, personalize offers, manage inventory, optimize commissions and respond instantly to market […]
Introduction The Turkish automotive industry is one of the most important and competition-sensitive sectors in Turkey. It includes passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, heavy vehicles, motorcycles, spare parts, repair and maintenance services, authorized dealers, independent repairers, distributors, importers, fleet companies, leasing companies, used car platforms, online listing services, insurance-related repair networks and public procurement processes. […]
Introduction The pharmaceutical and healthcare sector is one of the most sensitive areas of Turkish Competition Law. Medicines, medical devices, hospitals, private healthcare institutions, laboratories, pharmacies, health insurance companies, digital health platforms and medical technology businesses operate in markets where competition directly affects prices, access, quality, innovation and patient welfare. Unlike ordinary commercial markets, the […]
Introduction Technology undertakings have become one of the most important focus areas of Turkish merger control. Digital platforms, software companies, fintech businesses, gaming studios, biotechnology companies, health technologies, data-driven services and online marketplaces may grow quickly, collect valuable data, create network effects and become strategically important even before they generate high turnover. For this reason, […]
Introduction Foreign companies entering or operating in Turkey face a dynamic and increasingly active competition law environment. Turkey is an important market for international investors because of its strategic location, large consumer base, manufacturing capacity, logistics advantages, digital growth and access to regional markets. However, these commercial opportunities also bring significant regulatory responsibilities. One of […]
Introduction Public tenders are one of the most sensitive areas of Turkish Competition Law. Public procurement processes are designed to ensure transparency, equal treatment, efficient use of public resources and genuine competition between bidders. When companies coordinate their bids instead of competing independently, the procurement system is distorted, public institutions may pay inflated prices, efficient […]