Jurisdiction and arbitration in maritime disputes can determine the real outcome of a case long before the merits are decided. In shipping law, parties often focus first on cargo damage, demurrage, charterparty breaches, ship arrest, pollution exposure, or unpaid freight. But the more decisive question is often procedural: where will the dispute be heard, under […]
International carriage of goods by sea remains one of the legal foundations of world trade. Even in a logistics environment shaped by containerization, multimodal transport, digital documentation, and complex supply chains, sea carriage still raises the same core legal questions: What exactly must the carrier do? When is the carrier liable for cargo loss, damage, […]
The legal role of P&I Clubs in maritime claims and shipping disputes is central to modern shipping practice because these clubs sit at the intersection of liability insurance, claims handling, statutory certification, security, and dispute strategy. The International Group of P&I Clubs says its 12 member clubs provide marine liability cover for approximately 87% of […]
Limitation of liability in maritime law is one of the most important protections available to shipowners, operators, charterers, salvors, and their liability insurers. It exists for a practical reason: shipping is a high-risk industry, and a single casualty can generate a chain of claims far beyond the commercial value of the voyage itself. A collision […]
Unsafe port claims in charterparty disputes are among the most important risk-allocation issues in shipping law because they sit at the point where navigation, commercial orders, and legal responsibility meet. When a charterer nominates a port or berth and the vessel is damaged, delayed, trapped, exposed to political violence, or forced to deviate, the central […]
A marine casualty is never just a technical event. It is a legal event, an evidentiary event, a safety event, and often a commercial crisis all at once. Under the IMO’s Casualty Investigation Code, a marine casualty includes events directly connected with ship operations that result in death or serious injury, loss of a person […]
Learn the legal value of employee handbooks and workplace policies in Turkey, including how they interact with labor law, personnel regulations, dismissal procedure, KVKK, OHS, and drafting strategy for employers. Introduction Employee handbooks and workplace policies are widely used in Turkey, but they do not operate as a free-standing source of law. Their legal value […]
Learn how secondment and intra-group employee transfers are regulated in Turkey, including written consent, time limits, wage liability, SGK risks, foreign employee issues, data transfers, and dismissal exposure. Introduction Secondment and intra-group transfers in Turkey are legally possible, but they are not free-form management tools. Turkish law does not use the international business word “secondment” […]
Learn how employee privacy is regulated in Turkey, including monitoring emails, CCTV, biometric systems, lawful bases under KVKK, employee notices, dismissal risks, and workplace surveillance compliance. Introduction Employee privacy in Turkey is regulated through a combined framework rather than a single workplace-surveillance law. The key legal sources are the Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye, […]
Learn how severance and notice pay work in Turkey, including legal conditions, calculation methods, current severance cap, limitation periods, mandatory mediation, and the most common labor-law disputes. Introduction Severance and notice pay are two of the most litigated issues in Turkish employment law, but they are not the same right and they do not arise […]