The Role of Turkish Courts in Arbitration Proceedings: Judicial Support, Supervision and Enforcement

Introduction

Arbitration is designed to resolve disputes outside the ordinary court system. However, this does not mean that national courts have no function in arbitration. Even the most independent arbitral process may require judicial assistance for the appointment of arbitrators, urgent interim protection, collection of evidence, enforcement of procedural measures, annulment of an award or recognition of a foreign arbitral award.

The role of Turkish courts in arbitration proceedings is therefore both supportive and supervisory. Turkish courts are expected to protect the parties’ agreement to arbitrate, assist the arbitral process where coercive state authority is required and review arbitral awards only within the limited boundaries established by legislation.

The principal legal sources regulating court involvement in arbitration in Turkey are:

• The Turkish International Arbitration Law No. 4686;
• Articles 407 to 444 of the Turkish Code of Civil Procedure No. 6100;
• The Turkish International Private and Procedural Law No. 5718;
• The New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards;
• The rules of the selected arbitration institution.

Domestic arbitration seated in Turkey is generally governed by the Turkish Code of Civil Procedure where the dispute contains no foreign element. International arbitration seated in Turkey is principally governed by the International Arbitration Law where the dispute contains a legally recognised foreign element. Foreign arbitral awards are recognised and enforced under the New York Convention or Law No. 5718, depending on the applicable legal framework.

This comprehensive guide examines the role of Turkish courts in arbitration proceedings, including arbitration objections, appointment and challenge of arbitrators, interim measures, collection of evidence, extension of the arbitration period, annulment proceedings and enforcement of domestic and foreign arbitral awards.

The Principle of Limited Court Intervention

The relationship between courts and arbitration is based on a fundamental principle: courts should intervene only where the applicable arbitration legislation expressly authorises them to do so.

Article 411 of the Turkish Code of Civil Procedure states that judicial assistance in arbitration is available only in circumstances expressly permitted under the arbitration provisions. The International Arbitration Law follows the same general approach by limiting court intervention to the functions assigned by legislation.

This principle serves several purposes.

First, it protects party autonomy. The parties chose arbitration instead of ordinary court litigation and generally expect the merits of their dispute to be decided by arbitrators.

Second, it prevents unnecessary judicial interference from delaying the arbitration.

Third, it preserves the finality of arbitral awards. A court should not reconsider the entire dispute merely because one party is dissatisfied with the outcome.

Nevertheless, limited intervention does not mean complete judicial isolation. An arbitral tribunal has no direct authority over public enforcement officers, land registries, banks, non-party witnesses or third parties. Judicial involvement may therefore be essential when the arbitral process requires the coercive powers of the state.

The Turkish system attempts to balance these interests by assigning courts defined functions while preserving the tribunal’s authority over the merits.

Domestic and International Arbitration: Why the Distinction Matters

The role of Turkish courts depends partly on whether the arbitration is domestic or international.

Domestic arbitration

Articles 407 to 444 of the Turkish Code of Civil Procedure apply where:

• The dispute does not contain a foreign element within the meaning of the International Arbitration Law; and
• The seat of arbitration is in Turkey.

The legislation excludes disputes concerning rights in rem over immovable property and matters that are not subject to the parties’ free disposition from arbitration.

International arbitration

The International Arbitration Law generally applies where:

• The dispute contains a foreign element; and
• The seat of arbitration is in Turkey.

Certain provisions concerning arbitration objections and interim measures may also become relevant where the seat is outside Turkey, depending on the statutory scope and circumstances of the application.

Correct classification affects:

• The competent supporting court;
• The period for commencing arbitration after interim protection;
• The procedure for appointing arbitrators;
• The setting-aside regime;
• The effect of an annulment application on enforcement;
• The documentation required for execution.

The name of the arbitration institution does not determine whether the arbitration is domestic or international. ISTAC, for example, administers both domestic and international cases. Its model clause provides that disputes arising out of or connected with a contract may be finally resolved under the ISTAC Arbitration Rules, but the applicable Turkish arbitration statute must still be identified separately.

Which Turkish Court Has Jurisdiction in Arbitration Matters?

The identity of the competent court depends on the nature and stage of the application.

Following legislative amendments introduced by Law No. 7101, judicial assistance required during arbitration is provided, according to the subject matter of the dispute, by the competent Civil Court of First Instance or Commercial Court of First Instance.

For domestic arbitration, the competent supporting court is generally the court at the seat of arbitration. If the seat has not been determined, territorial jurisdiction is connected with the respondent’s domicile, habitual residence or place of business in Turkey.

The same legislative reform added a provision to the International Arbitration Law stating that functions assigned to the Civil Court of First Instance are exercised by either the Civil Court of First Instance or the Commercial Court of First Instance according to the subject matter of the dispute.

A different rule applies after the final award is rendered. Annulment applications against domestic or international arbitral awards seated in Turkey are brought directly before the competent Regional Court of Appeal.

Accordingly, a practical distinction must be made:

• Judicial support during the arbitration is generally provided by a first-instance civil or commercial court.
• An action to set aside the final award is generally heard by the competent Regional Court of Appeal.
• Recognition and enforcement of a foreign award is ordinarily sought before the competent first-instance court, usually a Commercial Court of First Instance where the underlying relationship is commercial.

Selecting the wrong court may lead to jurisdictional disputes, transfer of the case and loss of valuable time.

Turkish Courts and the Enforcement of Arbitration Agreements

One of the most important judicial functions is protecting the parties’ agreement to arbitrate.

A party may disregard the arbitration clause and file a lawsuit before a Turkish court. The opposing party must then raise an arbitration objection within the applicable procedural period.

Article 413 of the Turkish Code of Civil Procedure provides that, where court proceedings are commenced concerning a dispute covered by an arbitration agreement, the defendant may raise an arbitration objection. Unless the arbitration agreement is invalid, ineffective or incapable of performance, the court accepts the objection and dismisses the lawsuit on procedural grounds. The arbitration may continue while the objection is being considered.

The International Arbitration Law contains a corresponding mechanism.

The court’s examination may address:

• Whether an arbitration agreement exists;
• Whether the written-form requirement was satisfied;
• Whether the agreement binds the parties;
• Whether the dispute falls within its scope;
• Whether the clause is invalid;
• Whether the selected mechanism can practically operate;
• Whether the subject matter is arbitrable.

A court should distinguish between the validity of the arbitration clause and the validity of the main contract. Under the separability principle, the arbitration clause is evaluated independently. An allegation that the underlying agreement is invalid, terminated or rescinded does not automatically invalidate the arbitration agreement.

The arbitration objection must be raised in time

Under Turkish procedural law, an arbitration objection is treated as a preliminary procedural objection. A defendant that fails to raise it properly may lose the ability to prevent the court proceedings from continuing.

For this reason, any party served with a Turkish court petition should immediately review:

• The principal agreement;
• General terms and conditions;
• Referenced contractual documents;
• Related agreements;
• Electronic communications;
• Institutional arbitration clauses.

A party should not assume that the court will always apply the arbitration clause automatically.

Competence-Competence and the Relationship between Courts and Tribunals

The competence-competence principle allows an arbitral tribunal to determine its own jurisdiction.

Article 422 of the Turkish Code of Civil Procedure expressly authorises arbitrators to decide objections concerning the existence or validity of the arbitration agreement. It also confirms that the arbitration clause is legally separate from the main agreement. If the tribunal concludes that it has jurisdiction, it may continue the proceedings and decide the dispute.

Court involvement and competence-competence operate together rather than cancelling each other.

The tribunal may decide jurisdiction during arbitration. The Turkish court may later examine jurisdiction in:

• A court action where an arbitration objection is raised;
• An application to set aside the award;
• Recognition and enforcement proceedings;
• A dispute concerning appointment or authority of the tribunal.

The Turkish court should not use a preliminary application as an opportunity to conduct a full review of the merits. Its task is to determine whether the statutory conditions relevant to the specific court application have been satisfied.

Court Appointment of Arbitrators

Arbitration may be delayed or blocked if the parties cannot constitute the arbitral tribunal.

The arbitration agreement may provide that:

• Each party appoints one arbitrator;
• The two party-appointed arbitrators select the chair;
• An institution appoints the sole arbitrator;
• A third party acts as appointing authority.

If the agreed process fails, Turkish courts may intervene to ensure that the arbitration can proceed.

Under Article 416 of the Turkish Code of Civil Procedure, the court may appoint an arbitrator where:

• The parties cannot agree on a sole arbitrator;
• One party fails to appoint its arbitrator;
• The two party-appointed arbitrators cannot appoint the chair;
• A party refuses to follow the agreed appointment procedure;
• An authorised institution or third party fails to make the required appointment.

When making the appointment, the court must take account of the parties’ agreement and the requirements of independence and impartiality. Court decisions made under the statutory appointment mechanism are not generally subject to an ordinary appeal.

The court is not expected to redesign the arbitration clause. Its role is to preserve and implement the parties’ original intention where the agreed mechanism has become blocked.

Institutional arbitration reduces the need for judicial appointment

Where parties select ISTAC or another established institution, institutional rules usually contain a complete appointment mechanism. The institution may appoint the arbitrator if the parties fail to agree.

Court appointment is therefore more common in ad hoc arbitration or in cases involving incomplete or defective arbitration clauses.

Court Review of Arbitrator Challenges

Arbitrators must remain independent and impartial throughout the proceedings.

An arbitrator may be challenged where:

• The arbitrator lacks an agreed qualification;
• A conflict of interest exists;
• Circumstances create justifiable doubts regarding independence or impartiality;
• A ground contained in the agreed arbitration rules applies.

The parties may establish their own challenge procedure or rely on institutional rules.

Under the domestic arbitration provisions, a challenge is generally presented first within the arbitral process. If the challenge is rejected, the challenging party may apply to the competent court within the statutory period.

Where the challenge concerns the sole arbitrator, the entire tribunal or enough arbitrators to eliminate the decision-making majority, direct court involvement may be required. The relevant court decision is generally final.

The court may also be asked to terminate an arbitrator’s mandate where the arbitrator is legally or practically unable to perform the role or fails to act without unjustified delay.

Judicial review should not be used tactically to obstruct arbitration. An application should identify the specific facts giving rise to the alleged conflict and explain when they became known.

Turkish Courts and Interim Measures

Interim protection is one of the most significant areas of cooperation between courts and arbitral tribunals.

A party may need urgent measures to:

• Prevent dissipation of assets;
• Preserve evidence;
• Protect goods;
• Prevent disclosure of confidential information;
• Maintain the contractual status quo;
• Secure a monetary claim;
• Prevent an abusive transfer;
• Protect the effectiveness of the future award.

Interim measures in domestic arbitration

Article 414 of the Turkish Code of Civil Procedure permits the tribunal, unless the parties agreed otherwise, to order interim measures or evidence preservation. The tribunal may require security.

The court may declare a tribunal-ordered interim measure enforceable where a valid arbitration agreement exists.

A party may also apply directly to the court where:

• The tribunal or another authorised person cannot act in time;
• The tribunal cannot provide effective protection;
• The requested measure requires state authority;
• The parties have authorised court involvement in writing;
• The tribunal has permitted the application.

Court-ordered interim protection may later be modified or removed by the tribunal within the limits of the domestic arbitration regime.

Interim measures in international arbitration

Article 6 of the International Arbitration Law provides that applying to a court for an interim measure or interim attachment before or during arbitration does not violate the arbitration agreement.

This is especially important where the requested relief requires:

• Attachment through an enforcement office;
• Registration with an official authority;
• Action against assets held by a bank;
• An order affecting a third party;
• Physical seizure or preservation;
• Immediate protection before the tribunal is constituted.

An international arbitral tribunal may issue interim measures within its authority. However, a measure requiring coercive public enforcement or binding a non-signatory may still require judicial assistance.

Interim attachment and interim injunction are different

A request for an interim injunction should not automatically be treated as equivalent to an interim attachment.

An interim injunction generally aims to preserve the subject matter or prevent a change in the factual or legal situation. An interim attachment aims to secure a monetary receivable by provisionally attaching the debtor’s assets.

The applicant must satisfy the legal requirements applicable to the specific protection requested.

Court applications do not waive arbitration

Seeking urgent judicial protection does not, by itself, mean that a party has abandoned arbitration. Both Turkish arbitration law and institutional practice recognise that court assistance may be necessary to preserve the effectiveness of the arbitral process.

Requirement to Commence Arbitration after Interim Protection

Where a party obtains interim protection before commencing arbitration, it must initiate the arbitration within the applicable statutory period.

Under domestic arbitration, Article 426 of the Turkish Code of Civil Procedure provides that a party obtaining an interim injunction or interim attachment from a court must commence arbitration within two weeks. Otherwise, the measure automatically expires.

International arbitration is subject to a different statutory timetable under the International Arbitration Law.

This distinction is critical. Counsel should identify the applicable regime immediately and calculate the deadline from the legally relevant date.

Obtaining interim protection is only the first step. The applicant may also need to:

• Start arbitration;
• Provide proof of commencement;
• Complete service requirements;
• Pay institutional fees;
• Maintain any ordered security;
• Take enforcement steps concerning the measure.

Failure to complete the required procedural steps may cause valuable interim protection to lapse automatically.

Judicial Assistance in Collecting Evidence

Arbitrators do not possess the full coercive authority of national courts.

A tribunal may request the parties to produce documents, attend hearings or provide information. However, it may encounter difficulty where evidence is held by a non-party or where a witness refuses to cooperate.

Article 432 of the Turkish Code of Civil Procedure allows a party, with the tribunal’s approval, to request judicial assistance in collecting evidence.

Court assistance may be relevant for:

• Hearing a reluctant non-party witness;
• Obtaining documents from a public body;
• Conducting an official inspection;
• Preserving evidence at risk of disappearance;
• Obtaining records held by a third party;
• Applying procedural sanctions available only to courts.

The International Arbitration Law similarly permits the tribunal to seek court assistance in evidence collection.

Court assistance should supplement, not replace, the tribunal

A party should normally seek the tribunal’s approval before applying to the court for evidence assistance. The court should not become an alternative forum for broad discovery or uncontrolled evidence gathering.

The requesting party should identify:

• The evidence sought;
• Why it is relevant;
• Who possesses it;
• Why it cannot be obtained through the arbitral process;
• What judicial action is required.

A vague request for all documents relating to a commercial relationship is unlikely to provide an effective basis for focused court assistance.

Extension of the Arbitration Period

Turkish arbitration law establishes a statutory period for rendering the final award unless the parties agree otherwise.

Under domestic arbitration, the general period is one year from the appointment of the sole arbitrator or, where there is a tribunal, from the first meeting record.

The parties may extend this period by agreement. If they cannot agree, a party may apply to the competent court for an extension. The court’s decision is final.

Court involvement prevents one party from frustrating the proceedings simply by refusing a reasonable extension.

In deciding an extension request, relevant considerations may include:

• Complexity of the dispute;
• Volume of evidence;
• Expert reports;
• Procedural delays;
• Changes in tribunal composition;
• Conduct of the parties;
• Time needed to prepare the award.

The application should be made before the arbitration period expires. Waiting until after expiration may create serious validity and annulment risks.

The Court’s Role after the Arbitral Award

Once the final award is rendered, the role of the arbitral tribunal becomes limited. Turkish courts may then become involved in:

• Setting-aside proceedings;
• Execution of the award;
• Recognition and enforcement of a foreign award;
• Extraordinary reopening proceedings in narrowly defined circumstances;
• Protective measures connected with enforcement.

The court’s post-award role is supervisory rather than appellate.

Actions to Set Aside Turkey-Seated Awards

A Turkey-seated arbitral award may be challenged only through an action to set aside on limited statutory grounds.

For domestic arbitration, Article 439 of the Turkish Code of Civil Procedure lists grounds including:

• Incapacity of a party;
• Invalidity of the arbitration agreement;
• Irregular appointment of arbitrators;
• Failure to render the award within the arbitration period;
• Incorrect jurisdictional ruling;
• Decision beyond the scope of the arbitration agreement;
• Material procedural irregularity;
• Violation of equality or the right to be heard;
• Non-arbitrability;
• Violation of public policy.

The annulment action must generally be filed within one month following notification of the award or the relevant correction, interpretation or additional decision. Filing the domestic annulment action does not automatically suspend enforcement, although a stay may be requested against sufficient security.

The International Arbitration Law provides a similar but separate annulment regime for international awards seated in Turkey. Under the current procedural structure, the annulment action is filed directly before the competent Regional Court of Appeal.

No full appeal on the merits

An annulment court does not ordinarily determine whether:

• The tribunal interpreted the contract correctly;
• A witness was credible;
• The expert calculation was preferable;
• Damages should have been different;
• Another legal conclusion was possible.

The court examines the limited statutory grounds. This follows from the exhaustive structure of Article 439 and the corresponding provisions of the International Arbitration Law.

A party cannot transform an ordinary disagreement with the award into a public-policy objection merely by using different terminology.

Partial Annulment

A court does not always need to set aside the entire award.

Where the tribunal decided matters both inside and outside the scope of the arbitration agreement, and those portions can be separated, the court may annul only the part exceeding the tribunal’s authority.

Article 439 expressly recognises partial annulment where the matters outside the arbitration agreement can be separated from the matters properly submitted to arbitration.

This approach protects the valid portions of the award and limits judicial interference to what is strictly necessary.

Enforcement of Turkey-Seated Arbitral Awards

A domestic arbitral award may be enforced through the Turkish execution system after the relevant procedural requirements have been satisfied.

Possible enforcement assets include:

• Bank accounts;
• Commercial receivables;
• Vehicles;
• Machinery;
• Company shares;
• Movable property;
• Real estate.

The enforcement office cannot reconsider or modify the substance of the award. It must apply the operative provisions as written.

The award should therefore state clearly:

• The amount payable;
• Currency;
• Interest;
• Starting date of interest;
• Costs;
• Non-monetary obligations;
• Allocation of liability among multiple respondents.

Ambiguity in the operative section may create practical enforcement difficulties even where the award is legally valid.

Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards

A foreign arbitral award generally cannot be executed directly in Turkey. The award creditor must first obtain a recognition or enforcement decision from a competent Turkish court.

The principal international framework is the New York Convention. The Convention requires contracting states to give effect to arbitration agreements and generally recognise and enforce foreign and non-domestic arbitral awards.

Where the Convention does not apply, Articles 60 to 63 of Law No. 5718 may govern recognition and enforcement. Law No. 5718 expressly preserves the application of international conventions to which Turkey is a party.

The Turkish enforcement court examines matters such as:

• Existence and validity of the arbitration agreement;
• Proper notice;
• Opportunity to present a defence;
• Scope of the tribunal’s authority;
• Constitution of the tribunal;
• Binding status of the award;
• Whether the award has been set aside or suspended;
• Arbitrability;
• Public policy.

The New York Convention’s purpose is to establish common standards for recognition and enforcement and to prevent discrimination against foreign arbitral awards. It also requires courts to respect qualifying agreements to arbitrate.

Recognition and enforcement are different

Recognition means accepting the award’s legal effect in Turkey. It may be used, for example, to establish that a dispute has already been finally decided.

Enforcement gives the award compulsory executory effect and allows collection against assets.

A monetary award will generally require enforcement rather than recognition alone.

The Difference between Annulment and Refusal of Enforcement

An annulment action and an enforcement proceeding serve different functions.

Annulment

Annulment is generally sought before the courts of the seat of arbitration. It attacks the legal validity of the award within the legal system supervising the arbitration.

Refusal of enforcement

Refusal of enforcement concerns whether the award will be recognised or executed in the country where enforcement is requested.

A Turkish court ordinarily does not annul an award seated in another country. It decides whether that foreign award may be recognised and enforced in Turkey.

Likewise, a court’s refusal to enforce an award in Turkey does not necessarily erase the award internationally. The award may still be enforceable in another jurisdiction, depending on the relevant law and circumstances.

Public Policy and the Judicial Role

Public policy is one of the statutory grounds for setting aside a Turkey-seated award and refusing enforcement of a foreign award.

However, public policy should not become a general appeal mechanism.

A disagreement concerning:

• Contractual interpretation;
• Assessment of evidence;
• Ordinary legal error;
• Calculation methodology;
• Application of foreign law;

does not automatically amount to a public-policy violation.

The court should focus on whether the award’s legal effect would be manifestly incompatible with fundamental principles of the Turkish legal order.

Potential issues may include:

• Serious denial of the right to be heard;
• Enforcement of an unlawful obligation;
• Fraud affecting the integrity of the arbitral process;
• A result fundamentally incompatible with mandatory legal principles;
• Enforcement of criminal or prohibited conduct.

A narrow approach protects both public policy and the finality of arbitration.

Arbitrability and Mandatory Court Jurisdiction

Turkish courts may also examine whether the dispute is legally capable of arbitration.

Under Turkish law, disputes concerning rights in rem over immovable property and matters outside the parties’ free disposition are generally not arbitrable.

Additional difficulties may arise in disputes involving:

• Corporate status;
• Bankruptcy;
• Administrative decisions;
• Criminal liability;
• Family status;
• Mandatory employee or consumer protections;
• Rights affecting non-parties.

A contractual payment dispute connected with real estate may be arbitrable, while a direct determination of ownership of Turkish immovable property is generally not.

The court should examine the legal nature of the claim and relief rather than relying solely on the commercial background of the dispute.

Practical Strategy when Turkish Court Assistance Is Required

A party seeking judicial assistance should first identify the precise legal basis for the application.

The petition should address:

1. The existence of the arbitration agreement;
2. Whether the arbitration is domestic or international;
3. The seat of arbitration;
4. The competent civil or commercial court;
5. The statutory provision authorising court involvement;
6. The specific judicial assistance required;
7. The urgency or necessity of that assistance;
8. The effect on the arbitral proceedings;
9. Any applicable deadline;
10. Supporting documents and translations.

An unnecessary or incorrectly framed court application may delay the arbitration and create additional costs.

Parties should also distinguish between:

• Measures that the tribunal can issue effectively;
• Measures that require judicial coercion;
• Measures affecting non-parties;
• Post-award enforcement steps;
• Annulment and recognition proceedings.

Frequently Asked Questions

Do Turkish courts have jurisdiction despite an arbitration agreement?

They may exercise only the functions permitted by arbitration legislation. They may consider an arbitration objection, grant interim protection, assist with appointment or evidence, hear an annulment action and enforce an award.

What happens if a party files a court case despite an arbitration clause?

The opposing party may raise an arbitration objection. If the agreement is not invalid, ineffective or incapable of performance, the court dismisses the lawsuit on procedural grounds.

Can a Turkish court appoint an arbitrator?

Yes. The court may appoint an arbitrator where the agreed appointment procedure fails and no institutional mechanism resolves the problem.

Can Turkish courts grant interim measures before arbitration starts?

Yes. Interim injunctions or interim attachments may be requested before or during arbitration where the statutory requirements are satisfied. The applicant must subsequently commence arbitration within the applicable period.

Does applying to a Turkish court waive the arbitration clause?

A properly made application for interim protection or judicial assistance does not ordinarily waive arbitration.

Can the court collect evidence for the tribunal?

Yes. A party may request court assistance with the tribunal’s approval where judicial authority is needed to collect evidence.

Can Turkish courts review whether the arbitrators decided the case correctly?

Not through an ordinary appeal. Court review is limited to the statutory grounds for setting aside or refusing enforcement.

Which court hears an annulment action?

The competent Regional Court of Appeal hears the action directly under the current procedural framework.

Does filing an annulment action stop enforcement?

For domestic arbitration under the Code of Civil Procedure, the action does not automatically suspend enforcement. A stay may be requested against sufficient security. The international arbitration regime contains different consequences and must be reviewed separately.

Can a foreign arbitral award be enforced directly in Turkey?

Generally, no. A recognition or enforcement judgment must first be obtained from the competent Turkish court under the New York Convention or Law No. 5718.

Conclusion

The role of Turkish courts in arbitration proceedings is based on a careful balance between judicial support and limited supervision.

Turkish courts protect arbitration agreements by dismissing court actions where a valid arbitration clause applies. They may appoint arbitrators where the agreed mechanism fails, decide challenges against arbitrators, grant urgent interim protection, assist with evidence and extend the arbitration period where the parties cannot agree.

After the award is rendered, Turkish courts exercise limited supervisory review through annulment proceedings. They may also recognise and enforce foreign arbitral awards under the New York Convention or Law No. 5718.

The Turkish court does not ordinarily act as an appellate tribunal reviewing the merits. Its principal task is to ensure that:

• A valid arbitration agreement exists;
• The tribunal acted within its authority;
• The parties were treated equally;
• The right to be heard was protected;
• The dispute was arbitrable;
• The award does not violate public policy.

Effective use of judicial assistance requires accurate classification of the arbitration, careful identification of the competent court and strict compliance with statutory deadlines.

For businesses and investors, the involvement of Turkish courts should not be viewed as inconsistent with arbitration. Properly used, judicial assistance strengthens the arbitration process by providing the coercive authority necessary to preserve evidence, protect assets and convert the final award into actual recovery.

Professional Turkish arbitration counsel can coordinate the arbitral and judicial stages, ensuring that court applications support rather than disrupt the parties’ chosen dispute resolution mechanism.