Introduction Unfair competition and commercial reputation protection are critical issues in Turkish international trade. In cross-border business, companies do not only compete through price, quality, speed and market access. They also compete through brand image, customer trust, commercial reliability, technical know-how, trade secrets, distribution networks and business reputation. When a competitor, distributor, former agent, supplier, […]
Introduction International construction contracts in Turkey are legally complex, commercially sensitive and heavily dependent on proper contract management. Turkey has a strong construction sector, active contractors, infrastructure projects, energy investments, real estate developments, industrial facilities, transportation projects, hospitals, ports, airports and public-private partnership projects. Turkish contractors are also highly active abroad, while foreign investors, employers, […]
Introduction Shareholder disputes in Turkish companies with foreign partners are among the most complex areas of Turkish commercial and corporate law. Foreign investors often enter the Turkish market through joint stock companies, limited liability companies, joint ventures, share acquisitions or strategic partnerships with Turkish individuals or companies. These structures may offer market knowledge, local licensing […]
Introduction Commercial debt collection in Turkey is a critical legal issue for foreign companies doing business with Turkish buyers, distributors, agents, importers, contractors, suppliers, manufacturers or joint venture partners. In international trade, an unpaid invoice is rarely just an accounting problem. It may become a legal dispute involving contract interpretation, delivery evidence, customs documents, payment […]
Introduction Force majeure and hardship clauses are among the most important risk allocation mechanisms in international contracts under Turkish law. In cross-border commercial relationships, parties may face unexpected events that prevent performance, delay delivery, increase costs, disrupt supply chains, restrict payments, close borders, block customs clearance, trigger sanctions, or make performance commercially unreasonable. War, pandemic, […]
Introduction Bank guarantees, letters of credit and escrow mechanisms are among the most important payment security tools used in Turkish international commercial transactions. In cross-border trade, construction, manufacturing, logistics, real estate, mergers and acquisitions, distribution, supply contracts and investment projects, parties often need more than a simple promise to pay. They need a legal and […]
Introduction Payment security is one of the most important issues in Turkish international commercial transactions. In cross-border trade, the commercial success of a transaction does not depend only on the quality of goods, delivery timing or price. It also depends on whether the seller can actually collect the price and whether the buyer can protect […]
Introduction Customs law and international trade compliance in Turkey are critical for companies involved in import, export, manufacturing, logistics, distribution, e-commerce, customs brokerage, free zones and cross-border supply chains. Turkey’s geographical position between Europe, Asia, the Middle East and the Caucasus makes it a major trade corridor. However, this strategic position also means that international […]
Introduction Import and export regulations in Turkey are central to international trade, manufacturing, logistics, distribution, e-commerce, customs brokerage, supply chain management and cross-border commercial contracts. Turkey’s strategic location between Europe, Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and the Caucasus makes it a key jurisdiction for regional trade, transit operations, manufacturing supply chains and international logistics. […]
Introduction Foreign investment in Turkey is an important part of the country’s commercial, industrial and financial landscape. Due to its strategic location between Europe, Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and the Caucasus, Turkey is frequently used by international companies as a manufacturing base, logistics hub, regional headquarters, export platform and consumer market. Foreign investors […]