Introduction
Commercial debt collection in Turkey is a critical legal issue for foreign companies doing business with Turkish buyers, distributors, agents, importers, contractors, suppliers, manufacturers or joint venture partners. In international trade, an unpaid invoice is rarely just an accounting problem. It may become a legal dispute involving contract interpretation, delivery evidence, customs documents, payment security, foreign currency risk, debtor solvency, asset tracing, enforcement proceedings, mediation, litigation or arbitration.
Turkey is an important commercial market for foreign exporters, technology providers, construction companies, logistics operators, machinery suppliers, medical equipment companies, textile businesses, food traders, investors and service providers. Many foreign companies sell goods or services to Turkish commercial counterparties on deferred payment terms. When payment is delayed or refused, the foreign creditor must decide whether to negotiate, send a formal demand, initiate enforcement proceedings, file a lawsuit, rely on arbitration, enforce a foreign judgment, or pursue settlement with security.
Turkish law provides several legal routes for debt recovery. A creditor may initiate enforcement proceedings without first obtaining a court judgment in certain cases. If the debtor objects, the creditor may need to file a lawsuit or apply for removal of the objection depending on the evidence. If the creditor already has a Turkish court judgment, foreign court judgment, arbitral award, negotiable instrument, bank guarantee or pledge, the strategy may change significantly.
Commercial debt collection in Turkey is therefore not a single procedure. It is a strategic legal process that must be designed according to the type of debt, available documents, debtor’s assets, limitation periods, applicable law, jurisdiction clause, arbitration clause, payment security and commercial relationship between the parties.
1. Why Foreign Companies Face Debt Collection Issues in Turkey
Foreign companies usually face debt collection problems in Turkey for several reasons. A Turkish buyer may fail to pay after receiving goods. A distributor may delay payment by alleging market problems. A contractor may withhold payment by claiming defects. A local partner may refuse to settle accounts after termination. A debtor may object to invoices, dispute exchange rates, claim late delivery, rely on force majeure, or simply avoid communication.
In international trade, debt disputes often arise from incomplete documentation. A foreign seller may have an invoice but no signed delivery confirmation. A supplier may have email correspondence but no written contract. A service provider may have performed work but lacks acceptance records. A creditor may have a foreign judgment but has not yet enforced it in Turkey. These evidentiary gaps can weaken the creditor’s position.
Debt recovery also depends heavily on asset identification. If the debtor has no attachable assets, bank accounts, receivables, vehicles, real estate, inventory or active business, even a strong legal claim may be difficult to collect. Recent Turkey debt collection commentary correctly emphasizes that asset identification is a practical challenge and that enforcement effectiveness depends on finding assets that can be seized and converted into payment.
For this reason, foreign companies should treat debt collection as both a legal and commercial investigation. The first question is not only “Are we legally right?” but also “Can we actually collect?”
2. Preliminary Assessment before Starting Debt Collection
Before initiating formal proceedings, a foreign creditor should conduct a structured assessment. This should include:
The legal basis of the debt.
The amount and currency of the receivable.
The due date.
The debtor’s full legal name and trade registry information.
The contract, purchase order or framework agreement.
Invoices and delivery documents.
Customs and shipping records.
Payment correspondence.
Acknowledgment of debt, reconciliation records or account statements.
Jurisdiction or arbitration clauses.
Whether Turkish law or foreign law applies.
Whether there is a bank guarantee, letter of credit, promissory note, cheque, pledge or mortgage.
The debtor’s asset position.
This preliminary assessment is essential because the correct route depends on the strength of evidence. If the creditor has a clear written acknowledgment, negotiable instrument or court judgment, enforcement may be faster. If the claim is disputed and evidence is complex, litigation or arbitration may be necessary.
Foreign companies should also verify the exact debtor. In Turkey, group companies, trade names and commercial brands may be confused. A contract signed with one Turkish company may not be enforceable against another affiliate unless guarantee, agency, representation or group liability conditions exist.
3. Amicable Collection and Formal Demand Letters
The first stage is often amicable collection. This may include negotiation, payment reminders, reconciliation requests and settlement proposals. However, informal reminders should not replace proper legal action where limitation periods, evidence preservation or asset dissipation risks exist.
A formal demand letter can be useful before starting enforcement or litigation. It should identify the creditor, debtor, contract, invoice numbers, principal amount, interest, due date, payment deadline, bank account and legal consequences of non-payment. In Turkey-related commercial matters, demand letters may be sent through notary, registered mail, courier, e-mail with evidentiary value or other verifiable channels depending on the contract.
A demand letter may serve several purposes. It may create pressure, document default, support interest claims, show good faith, prepare settlement, and establish a written record. If the debtor responds by acknowledging the debt or proposing installments, that response may strengthen the creditor’s evidence.
For foreign companies, the demand letter should usually be bilingual or at least include a Turkish version where the debtor is Turkish. This reduces later disputes over understanding and notification.
4. Enforcement Proceedings without Court Judgment
One of the most important features of Turkish debt collection is that a creditor may initiate enforcement proceedings without first obtaining a court judgment in many monetary debt claims. This is known in Turkish as ilamsız icra takibi, or enforcement proceeding without judgment.
In this procedure, the creditor applies to the competent enforcement office and requests issuance of a payment order. The enforcement office serves the payment order on the debtor. If the debtor does not object within the statutory period and does not pay, the proceeding becomes final and the creditor may request attachment of assets.
Turkish debt enforcement guidance explains that creditors may initiate enforcement proceedings through the enforcement office without a prior court judgment, and that the debtor generally has seven days to object after service of the payment order. If no objection is filed, the creditor may proceed to asset seizure.
This route can be very effective where the debtor is unlikely to object or where the creditor wants to create immediate pressure. However, if the debtor objects, the proceeding is suspended, and the creditor must take further legal steps.
5. Debtor’s Objection and Its Consequences
A debtor may object to the payment order within the statutory period. The objection may relate to the debt itself, signature, interest, authority, amount, due date, jurisdiction or other grounds. In ordinary enforcement without judgment, a timely objection generally stops the proceeding.
This is a common tactical step. Turkish debtors often object to payment orders even where the debt is commercially real, because objection may delay enforcement and force the creditor to litigate. Therefore, foreign creditors should not assume that initiating enforcement automatically leads to collection.
If the debtor objects, the creditor’s next step depends on the evidence. The creditor may file an action for annulment of objection, known as itirazın iptali davası, before the competent court. In some cases, if the creditor holds specific documents within the meaning of Turkish enforcement law, it may apply for removal of objection, known as itirazın kaldırılması, before the enforcement court.
If the creditor succeeds, the suspended enforcement proceeding may continue. Depending on the facts, the debtor may also face enforcement denial compensation if the objection was unjustified, although this requires separate legal analysis.
6. Mandatory Mediation in Commercial Receivable Lawsuits
Mandatory mediation is a major procedural issue in commercial debt collection in Turkey. Article 5/A of the Turkish Commercial Code introduced mandatory mediation as a pre-condition for certain commercial lawsuits concerning monetary receivables and compensation claims. Legal commentary explains that commercial lawsuits regulated under Article 4 of the Turkish Commercial Code and other legislation concerning monetary receivables and compensation claims fall within the scope of mandatory mediation.
This point must be understood correctly. Mandatory mediation is generally a pre-condition for filing covered commercial lawsuits. It does not necessarily prevent a creditor from initiating enforcement proceedings without judgment. However, if the debtor objects and the creditor needs to file a commercial lawsuit to annul the objection or collect the receivable, mandatory mediation may become relevant.
If mediation is required and the creditor files a lawsuit without completing it, the case may be dismissed on procedural grounds. Therefore, foreign companies should check mediation requirements before filing any commercial receivable lawsuit in Turkey.
Mediation may also be commercially useful. A debtor who objects to enforcement may still agree to a settlement plan, partial payment, bank guarantee, promissory notes or pledge during mediation. For foreign creditors, the best mediation strategy is not merely to demand payment, but to secure enforceable settlement terms.
7. Commercial Lawsuit for Debt Collection
If the debt is disputed, the creditor may need to file a commercial lawsuit before the competent Turkish court. This may happen where the debtor denies delivery, alleges defective goods, disputes the exchange rate, claims set-off, challenges the contract, or objects to enforcement.
Commercial debt lawsuits may involve invoices, account statements, delivery notes, customs documents, e-mails, expert reports, commercial books, witness evidence in limited cases, bank records and reconciliation documents. Turkish courts rely heavily on documentary evidence, especially in commercial disputes between merchants.
A foreign creditor should be prepared to submit Turkish translations of foreign-language documents. If documents were issued abroad, notarization, apostille or legalization may be required depending on the document type and procedural use.
Commercial lawsuits may take time, especially if expert examination is needed. Therefore, creditors should consider whether interim measures, attachment, settlement, arbitration or enforcement based on negotiable instruments may provide a better route.
8. Enforcement Proceedings with Court Judgment
If the creditor has a Turkish court judgment ordering payment, it can initiate enforcement proceedings with judgment, known as ilamlı icra takibi. This is stronger than ordinary enforcement without judgment because the debtor cannot stop the proceeding merely by filing a simple objection to the debt.
Enforcement with judgment is used after obtaining a Turkish court decision, or after a foreign judgment or arbitral award becomes enforceable in Turkey through the required recognition or enforcement procedure.
In judgment-based enforcement, the enforcement office serves an execution order on the debtor. If the debtor fails to comply, the creditor may request attachment and sale of assets. The debtor’s defenses are more limited compared to ordinary enforcement without judgment.
For foreign companies, judgment-based enforcement may be the final stage after successful litigation, arbitration or foreign judgment enforcement.
9. Special Enforcement for Negotiable Instruments
Promissory notes, cheques and bills of exchange are commonly used in Turkish commercial practice. If the foreign creditor holds a valid negotiable instrument issued by a Turkish debtor, special enforcement proceedings may provide a faster and stronger collection route.
This is particularly important in installment sales, distribution agreements, machinery sales, construction supply contracts and deferred payment arrangements. A promissory note may allow the creditor to proceed through the special enforcement procedure for negotiable instruments if formal requirements are satisfied.
However, negotiable instruments are formal documents. Missing mandatory elements, unauthorized signatures, incorrect maturity, altered text, defective endorsement chain or limitation issues may create objections. Foreign companies should have Turkish counsel review negotiable instruments before accepting them as payment security.
10. Precautionary Attachment
Precautionary attachment, known as ihtiyati haciz, may be a powerful tool where there is a risk that the debtor will hide, transfer or dissipate assets. It allows the creditor to seek temporary attachment of debtor assets before or during litigation or enforcement, subject to legal requirements.
This remedy is especially important in urgent commercial debt collection. If the debtor has bank accounts, receivables, vehicles, inventory or other assets in Turkey, precautionary attachment may prevent the debtor from transferring them before the creditor obtains a final judgment.
The creditor usually needs to show a due and payable monetary claim, sufficient evidence and legal grounds for attachment. The court may require security from the creditor. If the attachment is later found unjustified, the debtor may claim damages. Therefore, precautionary attachment should be used carefully and strategically.
11. Asset Tracing and Seizable Assets
Successful debt collection depends on locating attachable assets. Turkish enforcement may target movable property, bank accounts, receivables from third parties, vehicles, real estate, company shares, inventory, equipment and other economic rights.
The creditor may use enforcement office procedures to identify and attach assets. Trade registry records, land registry searches, vehicle registry data, bank account inquiries, third-party receivable notices, debtor business premises and commercial records may become relevant.
Asset tracing should begin early. If the creditor waits until the end of long litigation, the debtor may have already transferred assets. In high-risk cases, foreign creditors should investigate asset position before choosing the legal route.
12. Attachment and Sale of Assets
Once an enforcement proceeding becomes final or a judgment-based proceeding is available, the creditor may request attachment of assets. Attached assets may later be sold, usually through public auction, and proceeds are used to satisfy the creditor’s claim.
The practical value of attachment depends on the type of asset. Bank account attachment may be efficient if funds exist. Real estate attachment may provide strong security but sale may take time. Movable property attachment may be useful but valuation and sale can be difficult. Receivable attachment may be effective if the debtor has customers or ongoing projects.
Foreign creditors should be realistic. An attachment record does not automatically mean payment. The attached asset must have real value, be legally saleable, and not be subject to higher-ranking security rights.
13. Bankruptcy Proceedings against Turkish Commercial Debtors
If the debtor is a merchant or company subject to bankruptcy, bankruptcy proceedings may be considered. Bankruptcy is a collective enforcement mechanism and may be used where the debtor is insolvent or refuses payment.
However, bankruptcy is not always the best route for a single creditor. It may be slower, more expensive and less controllable than ordinary enforcement. It may also trigger competition among creditors. On the other hand, the threat of bankruptcy may create settlement pressure where the debtor is an active company and wants to avoid reputational or operational consequences.
Bankruptcy strategy should be considered carefully according to the amount of debt, debtor’s solvency, other creditors, available security and commercial objectives.
14. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Court Judgments
Foreign companies may already have a court judgment from another country against a Turkish debtor. In that case, the foreign judgment cannot usually be executed directly in Turkey. It must first be recognized or enforced by a competent Turkish court under Law No. 5718 on International Private and Procedural Law.
Law No. 5718 regulates the law applicable to private law matters with a foreign element, international jurisdiction of Turkish courts, and recognition and enforcement of foreign rulings. Turkish enforcement guides explain that Turkish law primarily regulates recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments through Law No. 5718, and that Articles 50 to 59 establish the relevant framework.
For enforcement of a foreign commercial judgment, the Turkish court generally examines conditions such as finality, reciprocity, absence of exclusive Turkish jurisdiction, due process and Turkish public policy. The Turkish court does not normally retry the merits of the foreign case.
Once the Turkish court grants enforcement and the decision becomes final, the creditor may initiate execution proceedings in Turkey.
15. Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards
If the foreign company has an arbitral award against a Turkish debtor, enforcement may be possible under the New York Convention and Turkish private international law. Arbitration can be especially useful in international commercial contracts because arbitral awards often benefit from a more predictable cross-border enforcement framework than foreign court judgments.
The New York Convention applies to recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made in a state other than the state where recognition and enforcement are sought. Turkish arbitration commentary explains that recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in Turkey are mainly regulated by Law No. 5718, Articles 60 to 62, together with the New York Convention.
Turkey applies the New York Convention with reciprocity and commercial reservations. Therefore, foreign companies should ensure that the arbitration seat, commercial nature of the dispute and arbitration clause are compatible with Turkish enforcement strategy.
As with foreign judgments, the Turkish court does not rehear the entire arbitration. Review is limited to recognized refusal grounds such as invalid arbitration agreement, due process violation, excess of authority, non-arbitrability and public policy.
16. Interest, Currency and Exchange Rate Issues
Commercial debts involving foreign companies often arise in foreign currency, usually USD, EUR or GBP. The creditor should carefully calculate principal, contractual interest, default interest, collection costs and exchange rate issues.
The contract should determine whether payment must be made in foreign currency or Turkish lira equivalent. If conversion is needed, the contract should identify the exchange rate source and conversion date. If the contract is silent, disputes may arise over whether the rate should be based on invoice date, due date, payment date, enforcement date or judgment date.
Interest should also be documented. If there is a contractual interest clause, it should be submitted clearly. If not, statutory commercial interest may become relevant depending on the nature of the debt and applicable law. Excessive or unclear interest claims may lead to objections and delay.
17. Limitation Periods
Limitation periods are critical in debt collection. The applicable limitation period depends on the legal basis of the debt, governing law, contract type, invoice relationship, negotiable instrument, judgment or award.
Foreign companies should not delay action after default. Even where negotiations continue, limitation risk should be monitored. If settlement discussions are ongoing, the creditor should consider obtaining written acknowledgment of debt, partial payment, installment protocol or waiver of limitation objections where valid.
For foreign judgments, recent enforcement guidance notes that Turkish law does not provide a specific limitation period for enforcement of a foreign judgment; if the defendant argues that enforcement is time-barred, Turkish courts assess the issue under the law of the country issuing the judgment.
Because limitation rules can be complex in cross-border disputes, they should be analyzed before deciding whether to sue, arbitrate, enforce or settle.
18. Evidence Required for Commercial Debt Collection
Evidence is the backbone of debt collection in Turkey. A foreign creditor should collect and preserve:
Signed contracts.
Purchase orders.
Order confirmations.
Invoices.
Delivery notes.
Bills of lading and airway bills.
Customs declarations.
Packing lists.
Certificates of origin.
Inspection reports.
Acceptance records.
E-mail correspondence.
WhatsApp or other message records.
Bank transfer documents.
SWIFT messages.
Account reconciliation forms.
Debtor acknowledgments.
Payment promises.
Settlement drafts.
Commercial book extracts where available.
Foreign-language documents should be translated into Turkish for court and enforcement purposes. If documents are official foreign documents, apostille or legalization may be required.
A strong documentary file may allow faster recovery, stronger mediation leverage and better chances of precautionary attachment.
19. Role of Contracts in Debt Collection
Debt collection problems often begin with weak contracts. A foreign company can significantly improve its recovery position by drafting strong payment and enforcement clauses before doing business with a Turkish counterparty.
A contract should include:
Clear payment deadline.
Currency.
Bank account.
Interest for late payment.
Suspension rights.
Retention of title where legally useful.
Bank guarantee or letter of credit.
Promissory note or cheque where appropriate.
Jurisdiction or arbitration clause.
Governing law clause.
Notice clause.
Evidence clause.
Delivery and acceptance procedure.
Defect notice period.
Set-off limitations.
Collection costs.
Attorney fee and enforcement cost allocation.
If the contract contains vague payment terms, no dispute resolution clause and no security, the creditor may still collect, but the process may be slower and more uncertain.
20. Payment Security before Default
The best debt collection strategy begins before the debt exists. Foreign companies should consider payment security at the contract stage, especially when selling on credit.
Useful tools include:
Advance payment.
Confirmed letter of credit.
Bank guarantee.
Parent company guarantee.
Promissory note.
Cheque.
Movable pledge.
Mortgage.
Share pledge.
Escrow.
Credit insurance.
Retention of title.
Personal guarantee, subject to Turkish form requirements.
A creditor with a bank guarantee or confirmed letter of credit is in a much stronger position than a creditor with only unpaid invoices. Payment security also improves settlement leverage because the debtor knows that non-payment may have immediate consequences.
21. Settlement and Installment Protocols
Settlement is often commercially sensible if the debtor has financial difficulties but remains active. However, settlement should not be based only on verbal promises. A proper installment protocol should include:
Acknowledgment of debt.
Principal amount.
Interest.
Payment schedule.
Default clause.
Acceleration clause.
Security instruments.
Jurisdiction or arbitration.
Costs.
Waiver of objections where valid.
Consequences of non-payment.
If possible, the debtor should provide security such as promissory notes, bank guarantee, cheque, pledge or third-party guarantee. A settlement without security may simply give the debtor more time to transfer assets.
22. Fraud, Bad Faith and Criminal Complaints
Not every unpaid debt is a criminal matter. Ordinary non-payment usually belongs to civil and enforcement law. However, if the debtor obtained goods or money through fraudulent representations, fake documents, false identity, forged invoices, intentional deception or misuse of trust, criminal complaint strategy may be considered.
Foreign companies should distinguish between commercial default and fraud. Turkish authorities generally do not treat every unpaid invoice as criminal fraud. But where evidence shows that the debtor never intended to pay, used fake companies, concealed identity, forged documents or diverted goods, criminal law may become relevant.
A criminal complaint does not replace debt collection, but it may create investigative pressure and help reveal facts. The creditor may still need civil or enforcement proceedings to recover money.
23. Choosing between Turkish Courts, Foreign Courts and Arbitration
Foreign companies often ask whether they should sue in Turkey, sue abroad or arbitrate. The answer depends on the contract and asset location.
If the debtor’s assets are in Turkey, Turkish proceedings may be practical. A foreign court judgment will generally require enforcement in Turkey before execution. Arbitration may provide a strong international enforcement route, but it still requires enforcement proceedings if the debtor does not voluntarily pay.
If the contract contains a valid arbitration clause, Turkish courts may decline jurisdiction over the merits. If the contract contains a foreign court clause, the foreign creditor should consider whether a future foreign judgment will be enforceable in Turkey.
The dispute resolution clause should always be drafted with collection in mind. Winning in the wrong forum may lead to additional enforcement stages and delay.
24. Practical Debt Collection Strategy for Foreign Companies
A practical strategy may follow these stages:
First, verify the debtor’s legal identity and asset status.
Second, review contract, invoices, delivery documents and correspondence.
Third, calculate principal, interest and currency.
Fourth, send a formal demand letter.
Fifth, evaluate whether enforcement without judgment is suitable.
Sixth, consider precautionary attachment if asset dissipation risk exists.
Seventh, prepare for debtor objection.
Eighth, complete mandatory mediation if a commercial lawsuit is required.
Ninth, file an action for annulment of objection or debt lawsuit if necessary.
Tenth, enforce judgment, award or settlement.
Eleventh, attach and sell assets.
Twelfth, consider settlement if secured payment is possible.
This sequence may change depending on whether the creditor has a foreign judgment, arbitral award, bank guarantee or negotiable instrument.
25. Common Mistakes Foreign Creditors Should Avoid
Foreign companies should avoid the following mistakes:
Waiting too long after default.
Relying only on informal reminders.
Failing to verify the debtor’s legal name.
Accepting unsigned payment plans.
Not obtaining security during settlement.
Ignoring mandatory mediation before lawsuits.
Filing in the wrong court or forum.
Starting foreign litigation without considering Turkish enforcement.
Failing to translate and legalize documents.
Ignoring asset tracing.
Claiming unclear interest or exchange rates.
Continuing deliveries despite unpaid debt.
Failing to preserve delivery evidence.
Treating fraud as a simple receivable or treating a simple receivable as fraud without evidence.
Each mistake can reduce recovery chances.
Conclusion
Commercial debt collection in Turkey for foreign companies requires a careful combination of legal strategy, evidence management, enforcement planning and commercial judgment. Turkish law offers multiple debt recovery routes, including enforcement proceedings without judgment, lawsuits after debtor objection, judgment-based enforcement, special procedures for negotiable instruments, precautionary attachment, recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards.
The most effective strategy depends on the creditor’s documents, the debtor’s assets, payment security, jurisdiction clause, arbitration clause, limitation periods and commercial context. Foreign companies should not assume that an unpaid invoice automatically leads to quick recovery. The debtor may object, assets may be hidden, documents may be incomplete, or a foreign judgment may need enforcement before execution in Turkey.
The strongest position is created before default. Foreign companies doing business with Turkish counterparties should use clear contracts, strong payment terms, proper delivery evidence, bank guarantees, letters of credit, promissory notes, escrow or other security tools. Once default occurs, quick action is essential: formal demand, asset review, enforcement strategy and, where necessary, mediation and litigation.
In Turkey, debt collection is not only about proving the debt. It is about converting the claim into actual recovery. A well-prepared creditor with strong documents, enforceable security and a clear strategy has a significantly better chance of collecting commercial receivables from Turkish debtors.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can a foreign company collect commercial debt in Turkey?
Yes. A foreign company may collect commercial debt in Turkey through enforcement proceedings, lawsuits, mediation, recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, or enforcement of arbitral awards, depending on the legal basis and available documents.
Can debt collection start without a Turkish court judgment?
Yes. In many monetary claims, a creditor may initiate enforcement proceedings without a court judgment. The enforcement office serves a payment order on the debtor, and the debtor generally has seven days to object.
What happens if the Turkish debtor objects?
If the debtor objects in time, ordinary enforcement proceedings are generally suspended. The creditor may need to file an action for annulment of objection or apply for removal of objection depending on the documents.
Is mediation mandatory for commercial debt lawsuits in Turkey?
For many commercial lawsuits involving monetary receivables and compensation claims, mediation is a mandatory pre-condition before filing the lawsuit. This requirement arises under Article 5/A of the Turkish Commercial Code.
Can a foreign court judgment be enforced in Turkey?
Yes, but generally not directly. The foreign judgment must usually be recognized or enforced by a Turkish court under Law No. 5718 before execution against Turkish assets.
Can a foreign arbitral award be enforced in Turkey?
Yes. Foreign arbitral awards may be enforced in Turkey under the New York Convention and Law No. 5718, subject to limited refusal grounds.
What assets can be seized in Turkey?
Depending on the case, bank accounts, receivables, vehicles, movable property, real estate, inventory, shares and other economic rights of the debtor may be attached.
Is a demand letter necessary?
A demand letter is not always legally mandatory, but it is often useful to document default, create settlement pressure, support interest claims and preserve evidence.
How can foreign creditors improve recovery chances?
They should use written contracts, verify debtor identity, preserve delivery and payment evidence, obtain payment security, act quickly after default, trace assets and choose the correct enforcement strategy.
What is the biggest risk in Turkish debt collection?
The biggest risks are debtor objection, lack of assets, weak evidence, delay, wrong forum selection, failure to complete mandatory mediation where required, and lack of payment security.
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