Buying an online course takes seconds. A consumer sees an Instagram advertisement promising: “Become fluent in English in three months.” They pay TRY 30,000, receive a username and password and immediately obtain access to hundreds of recorded lessons. The next morning, the consumer changes their mind and asks for a refund. The company replies: “Digital […]
A Practical Legal Guide to SaaS Agreements, Automatic Renewals, Free Trials, Price Increases, Cancellation and Digital Services Under Turkish Consumer Law Modern software is increasingly sold not as a product but as a continuing relationship. Instead of purchasing software once, users pay: The commercial model is attractive for SaaS companies because it produces predictable recurring […]
Automatic Subscription Renewals, Digital Memberships and Refund Rights Under Turkish Consumer Law Automatic renewal has become the default business model for many digital services. Consumers increasingly subscribe to: by entering their credit-card information once and allowing the provider to charge them periodically. The problem usually appears months later. A consumer purchases a one-year subscription for […]
For an e-commerce business, a customer review can have a direct economic value. A seller with thousands of positive reviews may appear at the top of marketplace results, achieve higher conversion rates and generate millions of Turkish lira in monthly sales. A sudden wave of one-star reviews can reverse that position within days. The problem […]
Artificial intelligence can now create an entire advertising campaign in seconds. A company can ask a generative AI system to write product claims, produce photographs, create an artificial spokesperson, generate customer testimonials and even produce a video showing the product being used. But imagine that the AI-generated advertisement says: “Clinically proven to reduce hair loss […]
A Practical Legal Guide to Profiling, Cookies, Personalised Advertising and Consumer Transparency in Turkey A consumer searches online for running shoes. A few minutes later, advertisements for the same shoes begin appearing on Instagram, YouTube and unrelated websites. Another consumer looks at baby products and subsequently receives advertisements specifically aimed at new parents. A user […]
Legal Remedies Against Unlawful Marketplace Store Suspension and Termination Under Turkish Law For many online sellers, losing access to a marketplace account is no longer a minor operational problem. A business may generate 70%, 80% or even 100% of its turnover through platforms such as Trendyol, Hepsiburada, Amazon, N11, ÇiçekSepeti or another electronic marketplace. If […]
For many businesses in Turkey, an online marketplace account is no longer merely an additional sales channel. A seller may generate 70%, 80% or even almost all of its revenue through platforms such as Trendyol, Amazon, Hepsiburada, N11 or similar marketplaces. Hundreds of products may be listed, thousands of customer reviews accumulated and significant advertising […]
Türkiye has become one of the major destinations for international patients seeking plastic surgery, dental treatment, hair transplantation, bariatric surgery, ophthalmology, orthopaedic procedures, fertility treatment and other medical services. A typical health-tourism transaction may involve several actors at once: This structure becomes legally important when something goes wrong. A patient may return to Germany, the […]
Legal Remedies When a Foreign Patient Pays for a Treatment Package in Turkey but the Treatment Is Not Completed A foreign patient contacts a Turkish clinic after seeing an advertisement on Instagram. The clinic offers an all-inclusive package: “20 zirconium crowns + implants + hotel + airport transfer + medication: EUR 12,000.” The patient pays […]