1) Sources of Law & Key Institutions Primary legislation Institutions 2) Entry, Visas & Border Control Visa policy is nationality-specific (e-visa, sticker, or visa-exempt). Even when a visa is not required, purpose-of-stay and sufficient/subsistence means must be demonstrated at the border. Migration officers may deny entry for public order/security grounds or previous overstays/entry bans. Practice […]
This article is a stand-alone, original analysis intended for professionals who advise on or litigate medical liability disputes in Türkiye. It synthesizes black-letter law with courthouse practice and current trends without quoting external sources. I. Concept, Legal Nature, and Sources In Turkish law, “medical malpractice” encompasses patient harm caused by a healthcare professional’s or institution’s […]
Introduction Mining operations, due to their direct environmental impact, are subject to intense regulatory scrutiny. In Türkiye, companies wishing to operate in the mining sector cannot rely solely on obtaining a mining license. They must also comply with a wide range of environmental regulations, such as Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) reports, environmental permits and licenses, and site rehabilitation […]
1. Introduction Clinical trials are essential for evaluating the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals and medical devices. However, beyond their scientific importance, these trials involve significant legal and ethical responsibilities. The rights of volunteers, the obligations of sponsoring pharmaceutical companies, and the judicial review of ethics committee decisions are among the key issues under Turkish law. […]
1. Introduction With the growing integration of technology in medicine, robotic surgery and autonomous medical systems are transforming patient care. However, these advancements raise complex legal questions—particularly in the event of a malfunction or complication—regarding who bears responsibility. In Turkish law, this area is still developing, and the multi-actor nature of liability requires careful legal examination. 2. What is Robotic […]
1. Introduction Today, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in advertising is becoming increasingly widespread. AI solutions provide a strategic advantage for businesses in areas such as personalized advertising, target audience analysis, and predicting user behavior. However, this also brings significant legal risks in terms of the processing and protection of personal data under […]
1. Introduction: The Need for Regulation in the Crypto Ecosystem Cryptocurrency exchanges—whether centralized or decentralized—facilitate the trading of digital assets. Although Turkey ranks among the countries with the highest rates of crypto adoption, for many years it operated without a clear, comprehensive legal framework governing these platforms. Due to concerns such as investor protection, anti-money […]
Regulation of Digital Currencies: Central Bank Digital Currencies and Legal Challenges 1. Introduction: The Rise of Digital Currency and the Legal Need With the growing global popularity of crypto assets and the transformative impact of technology on financial infrastructures, central banks around the world have begun exploring the concept of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). These […]
1. Introduction: The New Face of Digital Transformation With its decentralized structure and immutable records, blockchain technology has begun to reshape many sectors, especially finance. One of its most transformative applications is the use of smart contracts, which promise automated, transparent, and cost-effective execution of transactions. However, how smart contracts align with legal systems — particularly Turkish […]
Urban transformation projects in Turkey not only serve the physical renewal of cities but also present significant investment opportunities. Foreign investors have shown increasing interest, particularly in major cities with aging building stock. However, those planning to invest in this area must take into account certain specific legal regulations and risks unique to Turkish law. […]