Learn how representations, warranties, and indemnities work in Turkish commercial contracts, including contract freedom, fraud and mistake, title and defect liability, indemnity drafting, limitation clauses, and dispute enforcement in Turkey. Introduction Representations, warranties, and indemnities in Turkish commercial contracts are widely used in sophisticated transactions, but Turkish law does not organize them as one single […]
Learn how termination of contracts works under Turkish law, including rescission, notice-based termination, immediate termination for just cause, impossibility, hardship, lease and employment rules, and the legal consequences of ending a contract in Turkey. Introduction Termination of contracts in Turkey is not governed by a single universal rule. Turkish law distinguishes between contracts that end […]
Learn how penalty clauses and liquidated damages work under Turkish law, including enforceability, judicial reduction, non-performance, delay, employment limits, lease restrictions, consumer-law risks, and practical drafting strategies. Introduction Penalty clauses and liquidated damages under Turkish law are governed primarily by the Turkish Code of Obligations. The core statutory rules appear in Articles 179 to 182, […]
Learn how force majeure clauses work under Turkish contract law, including impossibility, hardship, delay, notice, mitigation, drafting techniques, enforcement, and dispute resolution in Turkey. Introduction Force majeure clauses in Turkish contract law matter most when a contract is tested by events the parties did not plan for: earthquakes, wars, embargoes, export bans, government shutdowns, pandemics, […]
Learn how mediation and litigation work in Turkish contract disputes, including mandatory mediation in commercial, employment, consumer, and lease cases, court jurisdiction, settlement enforceability, confidentiality, and practical litigation strategy under Turkish law. Introduction Mediation and litigation in Turkish contract disputes are no longer separate worlds in Turkey. In many categories of contract cases, mediation is […]
Learn the limitation periods for contract claims in Turkey, including the general 10-year rule, key 5-year exceptions, interruption and suspension rules, defect claims, lease and wage claims, agency commissions, consumer claims, and practical litigation risks under Turkish law. Introduction Limitation periods for contract claims in Turkey are mainly governed by the Turkish Code of Obligations, […]
Learn how agency, distribution, and franchise contracts work under Turkish law, including agency commission and termination rights, exclusivity, portfolio compensation, competition-law limits, franchise know-how and trademark structures, and dispute risks. Introduction Agency, distribution, and franchise contracts in Turkey are among the most important commercial relationship contracts in Turkish practice. They are used to structure market […]
Learn how lease agreements and contractual disputes are handled in Turkey, including landlord and tenant obligations, rent increases, eviction grounds, early termination, defect claims, mediation, and key protections under Turkish law. Introduction Lease agreements in Turkey are mainly governed by the Turkish Code of Obligations, which regulates leases in Articles 299 to 378. Turkish law […]
Learn how sales contracts work under Turkish law, including formation, seller and buyer obligations, passing of risk, defective goods, eviction liability, consumer sales protections, immovable sales, and key legal remedies. Introduction Sales contracts in Turkey are primarily governed by the Turkish Code of Obligations No. 6098. The Code treats the sale contract as one of […]
Learn how service agreements work under Turkish law, including formation, employee and employer obligations, fixed-term and indefinite-term contracts, termination, transfer of workplace, confidentiality, and non-compete clauses. Introduction Service agreements under Turkish law are most closely associated with the service contract regulated in the Turkish Code of Obligations. Under Article 393, a service contract is a […]